cytochalasin d  (MedChemExpress)

Journal: Cell

Article Title: Genome instability triggers intercellular DNA transfer between human cells

doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2026.04.041

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Time-lapse images of RPE-1 cells showing transfer of SiR-DNA-labeled material (arrow) between cells. DIC, differential interference contrast. Scale bars, 50 μm. (B) Time-lapse images of cytochalasin D-treated RPE-1 cells showing transfer of SiR-DNA-labeled material (arrow) between cells. Scale bars, 25 μm. (C) SiR-DNA transfer events detected over a 16-h period in cytochalasin D-treated cells. (D) Nanotubes observed after 120 min of cytochalasin D treatment. For (C) and (D), data represent mean ± SEM from n = 3 independent experiments. (E) DNA transfer speed in cytochalasin D-treated cells. Data represent median and 1 st –99 th percentile range from n = 13–41 transfer events pooled from 3 independent experiments. (F) Time-lapse images of RPE-1 co-cultures showing transfer of an H2B-GFP-labeled micronucleus (arrow) from an H2B-GFP cell to an H2B-mCherry cell. Scale bars, 20 μm. (G) Time-lapse images of RPE-1 H2B-GFP and RPTEC H2B-mCherry co-cultures showing transfer of an H2B-GFP-labeled micronucleus (arrow) from an RPE-1 cell to an RPTEC. Scale bars, 25 μm. (H) Schematic of nanotube-mediated DNA transfer between a genomically unstable donor cell and a recipient cell. (I) Image of two RPE-1 cells connected by a nanotube containing YOYO-1-stained DNA and immunostained with the indicated cytoskeletal antibodies. Scale bars, 20 μm. (J) Image of two RPE-1 daughter cells connected by an interphase chromosome bridge induced by expression of a dominant-negative TRF2 mutant (dnTRF2) that generates dicentric chromosomes. DOX, doxycycline. Scale bars, 20 μm. For (A)–(G) and (I), cells were co-treated with CENP-E and Mps1 inhibitors (CENP-E/Mps1i) to induce mitotic chromosome segregation errors. See also .

Article Snippet: Cytochalasin D , Fisher Scientific , Cat# PHZ1063.

Techniques: Labeling, Staining, Expressing, Dominant Negative Mutation, Mutagenesis

Journal: Redox Report : Communications in Free Radical Research

Article Title: Bilirubin reduces mortality in sepsis models by inhibiting NOX2-mediated formation of neutrophil extracellular traps

doi: 10.1080/13510002.2026.2664962

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of autophagy and endocytosis inhibition on bilirubin-mediated NOX2 degradation. (A) Neutrophils were treated with cytochalasin D (Cyto D) for 30 min, followed by bilirubin treatment (4 mg/dL) for 30 min. NOX2 and GAPDH expressions were analyzed by Western blotting (Top panel) and quantified using the ImageJ. The NOX2 levels are normalized by the GAPDH levels and presented as bar graphs (the means + SD, N = 3) in the bottom panel. (B) Immunofluorescence staining of NOX2 (red) and nuclei (DAPI, blue) in neutrophils treated with Cyto D and bilirubin under the same conditions as (A). (C) Neutrophils were treated with 3-methyladenine (3-MA, 5 mM) for 4 h, followed by bilirubin treatment (4 mg/dL) for 30 min. NOX2, LC3B, and GAPDH expressions were analyzed by Western blotting (Top panel). Protein expressions on Western blots were quantified using the ImageJ. The NOX2 levels are normalized by the GAPDH levels in the same blots and presented as bar graphs (the means + SD, N = 3) in the bottom panel. (D) Immunofluorescence staining of NOX2 (red) and nuclei (DAPI, blue) in neutrophils treated with 3-MA and bilirubin under the same conditions as (C). (E) Immunofluorescence staining of NOX2 (red), Rab7 (green), and nuclei (DAPI, blue) in neutrophils treated with bilirubin. (F) Colocalization analysis of NOX2 and Rab7 signals performed using ImageJ. Statistical significance was determined using Student's t -test. * denotes statistical significance between the indicated groups, and n.s. indicates no significant difference. p -values are indicated adjacent to the significance asterisks.

Article Snippet: Bilirubin (B4126), biliverdin (30891), phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA, P8139), lipopolysaccharides from Escherichia coli (LPS, L2630), H 2 O 2 (216763), N-Acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC, A750), diphenyleneiodonium chloride (DPI, D2926), GW6471 (G5045), cycloheximide (01810), MG132 (10012628), bafilomycin A1 (B1793), 3-methyladenine (189490), cytochalasin D (C2618), cytochrome C (C2037) and superoxide dismutase (S5395) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO); Fenofibrate (HY-17356) from MedChemExpress (Monmouth Junction, NJ); Recrystallized bilirubin (#0219947483) from MP biomedicals (Irvine, CA); NADPH (481973) from Calbiochem (Burlington, MA).

Techniques: Inhibition, Western Blot, Immunofluorescence, Staining